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From: amoon <[e-mail]>
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Subject: Re: ET's Give Reasons For Animal Mutilations and Human Abductions/"Necessity Su
Date: Thu, 20 Jun 1996 18:33:00 -0700
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I got this off a newsgroup some months ago. IÆm embarassed to say I have
lost track of who posted it, so I canÆt give credit. I believe itÆs
highly germane to this thread. I also lost the last two of the summation
points (at the end) due to a tech malfunction. Everything after this
paragraph is quoted from the original post.
______________________________

What follows is a report given on the Psychiatry and evaluation of UFO
abducted victims by RIMA E. LAIBOW, M.D. This report is not considered
"light" reading.

As usual, my *disclaimer* will be to read and make up your own mind :-)

------ Begin Included Text --------------------------------------------

                             RIMA E. LAIBOW, M.D.
                          Child and Adult Psychiatry

                                             Cerridwen
                                     13 Summit Terrace
                                Dobbs' Ferry, NY 10522
                                         [phone]

CLINICAL DISCREPANCIES BETWEEN EXPECTED AND OBSERVED DATA IN PATIENTS
REPORTING UFO ABDUCTIONS: IMPLICATIONS FOR TREATMENT

ABSTRACT:  IT SHOULD BE NOTED THAT THIS PAPER MAKES NO ATTEMPT TO ASSIGN
OR WITHHOLD EXTERNAL VALIDITY RELATIVE TO UFO ABDUCTION SCENARIOS.

        Patients who believe themselves to be UFO abductees are a
heterogeneous group widely dispersed along demographic and cultural
lines. Careful examination of these patients and their abduction reports
presents four areas of significant discrepancy between expected and
observed data.
        Implications for the treatment of patients presenting UFO
abduction scenarios are discussed.

INTRODUCTION

        If a patient were to confide to a therapist that he had been
abducted by aliens who took him aboard a UFO and performed a series of
medical procedures and examinations on him it is not likely that the
patient would find either a receptive ear or a respectful and
non-judgemental response from the therapist.  The material presented
would lie so far outside the confines of our personal and cultural belief
system that it would seem intolerably anomalous to most of us.  We would
probably dismiss or repudiate it using a
few comfortable and familiar assumptions which hold so much obvious
wisdom
that they do not require specific examination.

        When events which are too anomalous to allow their incorporation
into our world schema are presented to us, we are likely to dismiss them
by using assumptions based in out currently operative world view.  This
effectively precludes the open evaluation of the anomaly.  Hence, the
"expressible" response of most clinical and lay individuals upon hearing
a UFO abduction account would be an immediate dismissal of even the
possibility that such an episode might occur.  Close upon the heels of
that determination the rapid and complete pathologization of the person
offering such  an account would follow.  Dream states, suggestibility,
poor reality testing, outright dissembling or frank psychosis are
customarily offered and accepted as evident and reasonable organizing
models by which the production of this material may be understood. These
are typical maneuvers by which the presentation of information which
challenges schematic assumptions is dismissed or screened out before the
assumptions can be adequately tested for predictive reliability and
accuracy.  Such testing is highly desirable, however, because it offers
us the opportunity to apply the scientific method to our current level of
theorital sophistication and thereby refine our understanding of reality
further still. Of course, this process is severely impeded when the new
data is excluded from consideration strictly because it is too anomalous
for assessment.

        Westrum has offered a model by which events become "hidden" and
therefore remain anomalous to the perception of society in a circular
process: the hidden event is disbelieved and its disbelief helps to keep
it hidden.  Citing the lengthy period during which battered children and
their battering parents remained hidden, Westrum states:

                "An event is hidden if its occurrence is so implausible
                that those who observe it hesitate to report it because
                they do not expect to be believed.  The implausibility
                may cause the observer to doubt his own perceptions,
                leading to the event's denial or mis identification.
                Should the observer nonetheless make a report, he/she
                can expect to be treated with incredulity or even
                ridicule.  Since the existence of a hidden event is
                contrary to what science, society, and perhaps even
                the observer believes, the event remains hidden because
                of strong social forces which interfere with
                reporting.  The actual degree of underreporting is
                sometimes difficult to believe, a skepticism which
                itself acts as a deterrent to taking seriously
                those reports which do surface." (1)

        But for the clinician who spends a moment before reaching these
"obvious" and "intuitive" conclusions, several fascinating and
potentially productive questions present themselves.  If we refrain for a
short period from dismissing this material out-of-hand, we find that
there are at least four areas of puzzling and important discrepancy
between our intuitive sense of order and the data presented by the
patient.  These discrepancies force us
to re-examine our assumptions in light of a demonstrated failure of the
theory to account for the observed phenomena.  This process, while taxing
and challenging, is nonetheless, the way we systemize our understanding
of human health and pathology.  Noting the previously un-noted and using
it to refine our conceptual framework leads to better prediction and
therefore to better treatment.

        It is not the purpose of this paper to ascribe relative reality
to the experience of abduction reported by some patients. Rather,
precisely because it lies outside the realm of clinical expertise to
assess with certainty whether these events actually occurred or if they
are mere fantasy, it is mandatory for the clinician to examine the impact
of these experiences, whatever their source, upon the patient. This must
be done in a clear sighted
and open-minded fashion so that the impact of the experiences may be
dealt with rather than made into hidden events.

AREAS OF DISCREPANCY

        1. ABSENCE OF MAJOR PSYCHOPATHOLOGY:    It is intuitively
seductive (and perhaps comfortable) for us to assume that psychotic-level
functioning will necessarily be present in a person claiming to be a UFO
abductee.  If this level of distortion and delusion is present, a patient
would be expected to demonstrate some other evidence of reality
distortion. Pathology of this magnitude would not be predicted to be
present in a well integrated, mature and non-psychotic individual.
Instead, we would expect clinical and psychometric tools to reveal
serious problems in numerous areas
both inter- and interpersonally.  It would be highly surprising if
otherwise
well-functioning persons were to demonstrate a single area of floridly
psychotic distortion.  Further, if this single idea fix were totally
circumscribed, non-invasive and discrete, that in itself would be highly
anomalous.  Well-developed, fixed delusional states with numerous
elaborated and sequential components are not seen in otherwise healthy
individuals.  Prominent evidence of deep dysfunction would be expected to
pervade many areas of the patient's life.  One would predict that if the
abduction experience were the product of delusional or other psychotic
states, it would be possible to detect such evidence through the clinical
and psychometric tools available to us.

        This points to the first important discrepancy:  individuals
claiming alien abduction frequently show no evidence of past or present
psychosis, delusional thinking, reality-testing deficits, hallucinations
or other significant psychopathology despite extensive clinical
evaluation. Instead, there is a conspicuous absence of psychopathology of
the magnitude necessary to account for the production of floridly
delusional and presumably
psychotic material.(2)

        In order to test this startling and anomalous information, a
group of subjects who believe they have been abducted by aliens (9, 5
male, 4 female) were asked to participate in a psychometric evaluation.
An experienced clinical psychologist carried out an investigation using
projection tests (Rorschach, TAT, Draw a Person and the MMPI) and the
Wechler Adult Intelligence Scale.  The examining clinician was told "the
subjects were being evaluated to determine similarities and differences
in personality structure, as well as psychological strengths and
weaknesses".  All of the subjects actively refrained from sharing
UFO-related experiences with the examiner and she was unaware of this
theme in their lives. The investigator found that commonalties were not
strongly present and that:

                "while the subjects are quite heterogeneous in their
                personality styles, there is a modicum of homogeneity
                in several respects: (1) relatively high intelligence
                with concomitant richness of inner life; (2) relative
                weakness in the sense of identity, especially sexual
                identity; (3) concomitant vulnerability in the inter-
                personal realm; (4) a certain orientation towards
                alertness which is manifest alternately in a certain
                perceptual sophistication and awareness or in inter-
                personal hyper-vigilance and caution.... Perhaps the
                most obvious and prominent impression left by the
                nine subjects is the range of personality styles
                the present.... There is little to unite them as a
                group from the standpoint of the overt manifestations
                of their personalities.... They [are] very distinctive
                unusual and interesting subjects. [But] "Along with
                above average intelligence, richness in mental life,
                and indications of narcissistic identity disturbance,
                the nine subjects also share some degree of impair-
                ment in personal relationships.  For [some] subjects,
                problems in intimacy are manifest more in great
                sensitivity to injury and loss than in lack of
                intimacy and relatedness.  [Ad] "...The last salient
                dimension of impairment in the interpersonal realm
                relates to a certain mildly paranoid and disturbing
                streak in many of the subjects, which renders them
                very wary and cautious about involving themselves
                with others.  It is significant that all but one of
                the subjects had modest elevations on the MMPI paranoia
                scale relative to their other scores.  Such modest
                elevations mean that we are not dealing with blatant
                paranoid symptomology but rather over-sensitivity,
                defensiveness and fear of criticism and susceptibility
                to feeling pressured.  To summarize, while this is a
                heterogeneous group in terms of overt personality style,
                it can be said that most of its members share being
                rather unusual and very interesting.  They also share
                brighter than average intelligence and a certain rich-
                ness of inner life that can operate favorably in terms
                of creativity or disadvantageously to the extent that
                it can be overwhelming.  Shared underlying emotional
                factors include a degree of identity disturbance, some
                deficits in the interpersonal sphere, and generally
                mild paranoia phenomena (hypersensitivity, wariness,
                etc.)" (3)

        Her findings demonstrate a uniform lack of the significant
psychopathology which would be necessary to account for these experiences
if abduction experiences do represent the psychotic or delusional states
predicted by current theory.

        When the examiner was informed of the true reason for the
selection of the subjects for this evaluation (i.e., their shared belief
that they had been exposed to alien abductions), she wrote an addendum to
the original report re-examining the findings of the testing in the light
of the new data.  In it she states:

                "The first and most critical question is whether our
                subjects' reported experiences could be accounted
                for strictly on the basis of psychopathy, i.e., mental
                disorder.  The answer is a firm no.  In broad terms,
                if the reported abductions were confabulated fantasy
                productions, based on what we know about psychological
                disorders, they could only have come from pathological
                liars, paranoid schizophrenics, and severely disturbed
                and extraordinarily rare hysteroid characters subject
                to fugue states and/or multiple personality shifts...
                It is important to note that not one of the subjects,
                based on test data, falls into any of these categories.
                Therefore, while testing can do nothing to prove the
                veracity of the UFO abduction reports, one can conclude
                that the test findings are not inconsistent with the
                possibility that reported UFO abductions have, in fact,
                occurred.  In other words, there is no apparent
                psychological explanation for their reports." (4)

2. CONCORDANCE OF REPORTED DATA:

The second point of intriguing discrepancy follows from this surprising
absence of evidence of a common thread of severe and reality-distorting
psychopathology to
account for the patient's bizarre assertions.  They claim that they have
been abducted, sometimes repeatedly over nearly the whole course of their
lives, by aliens who have communicated with them and carried out
procedures much like medical examinations.  Persons reporting these
experiences are seen to be psycho-dynamically varied.  They are also
demographically varied. Reports of this basic scenario, numbering in the
hundreds, have now been recorded.  Even though the reporters range from
individuals as diverse as a
mestizo Brazilian farmer(5),an American corporate lawyer (6), and a
Mid-Western minister(7), there is a perplexing and intriguing concordance
of features in these reports.  Certain details of the scenarios repeat
themselves with disturbing regularity no matter what the educational,
national, social, experiential or other demographic characteristics of
the reporter.  In the production of dreams, reveries, poetry, fantasies
and psychotic states, while the general themes of concern may be
identified easily between individuals, the specific symbolization,
concretion, abstraction and representation of those themes is relatively
indiosyncratic for each individual.  This of course necessitates careful
empathic and attentive listening on the clinician's part to gather both
the general flavor and specific meaning of the elements of the fantasy
state.  This careful listening often means that a personal symbolic
representational system can be unraveled and its contents can be rendered
less mysterious to the patient.  In the abduction scenarios however, both
specific
details and themes repeat themselves with surprising regularity:  In
general, the appearance and modus operandi of the aliens, their effect
and procedures, their tools and interests, their crafts and physical
features all tally from report to report with a high rate of concordance.
(8,9,10)  This intriguing fact seems impervious to the socio-economic,
educational, national, or cultural background of the abductee.
Similarly, whether the individual has had previous contact with the
literature of abduction seems to make little
difference in this vein since the reports of individuals who can be shown
to have had no exposure to abduction literature also contains these
common features.  Skilled practitioners and investigators report in these
cases that they are convinced that each of these subjects was being
wholly truthful in his/her report.

        The concordance of both content and event in these reports makes
them unlike any other fantasy-generated material with which I am
familiar. Indeed, investigators like Hopkins and others claim they have
intentionally withheld dissemination of certain important, frequently
reported aspects of the abduction scenarios in order to provide a "check"
on the material being presented to them by individuals who may have had
access to this literature since abductees may have been influenced at
either the conscious or the
unconscious level by it.  In these cases as well, the features which have
previously been published as well as those withheld are both produced by
the abductee (11).  In instances in which the patient has read some of
the abductee literature, this previously withheld material may be offered
to the investigator with a sense of personal invalidation, apology and
embarrassment. He often expresses concern that this information is less
likely to be
believed than the other material with which he is already familiar. (12)

        Jung and others have written widely about the use of archetypes
and the collective awareness of themes and images which are asserted to
present themselves in a world-wide and multi-personal way.  The amount of
individual variation and creative latitude demonstrated within the closed
system of archetypes and collected creativity is vast.  Those who pose
such universals detect their presence in the complex and highly
idiosyncratic presentations and guises which they are given by the
unconscious mind of the
patient and the artist.  This disguise is idiosyncratic, they hold,
precisely because a set of available images is being used to work and
rework the personal realities of the individual against the background of
the collective. But the abductee does not seem to be involved in the
reworking of personal mythologies against the canvas of the race's
mythology.  The details and contents of the scenarios seem, upon
extensive investigation, to bear little
thematic relevance to the issues inherent in the life of the abductee.
Intensive follow up investigation frequently yields no thematic,
archetypical, primary process symbolic meaning to the shape or activities
of the abductors and the scenario of the abduction itself. Instead,
therapeutic work in these cases centers around the issues inherent in the
powerlessness and vulnerability of the individual even is this were not a
prominent theme in his life before the putative abduction.  In other
words, the customary richness of association and creativity found in the
examination of dreams and other fantasy material is lacking with regard
to the scenario and presentation of the aliens who abduct and manipulate
the patient in the abduction story.

        If the abduction material is indeed archetypal or fantasy
generated in nature, this is a new class of archetypes.  These archetypes
demand rather exact representation and mythic presentation since the
activities and behavior of the aliens is rather invariant within a narrow
latitude regardless of the other dream and fantasy themes of the patient.

3. ABDUCTION SCENARIOS AND HYPNOSIS.

Members of both the lay and professional communities frequently assume
that material referring to UFO abduction scenarios is retrieved under
hypnosis.  Since it is generally believed that people under hypnosis are
open to the implantation of suggestions through the overt or covert
influence of the hypnotist it is concluded that this material reproduces
the hypnotists' expectations or interests.  It is further concluded that
since the hypnotist "put it there" the abduction could not be accounted
for as material which emerges solely from the patient's end of dyad.

Thus, the abduction scenarios are commonly dismissed as merely
representing the production of desired material by compliant subjects.
The abductees strong sense of personal conviction that this really
happened to him during the session itself and upon recall of the session
is similarly dismissed as an artifact of the process by which the
fantasies were generated.

        Several compelling factors mitigate against the facile dismissal
of data in this way.  Firstly, about 20% of these highly concordant
abduction scenarios are available spontaneously at the level of conscious
awareness prior to hypnosis.  (13,14)  These accounts may be enhanced or
subjected to further elaboration through the use of hypnosis or other
recall enhancement techniques, but in a significant number of people
producing abduction scenarios the recall is initially produced without
recourse to such techniques.  If their stories were substantially
different from the concordant abduction scenarios produced under
regressive hypnosis, a different phenomenon would be taking place.

       However, given the perplexing clinical presentation of similar
stories from dissimilar people who are uninformed about one another's
experience, this presents another highly interesting area of discrepancy.

        Hopkins has classified patterns of abduction recall into five
categories:

        Type 1.  patients consciously recall parts of the full abduction
scenario without hypnotic or other techniques designed to aid recall. The
emergence of this material may be delayed.

        Type 2.  patients recall the UFO sighting, surrounding
circumstances and/or aliens, but do not recall the abduction itself. Only
a perceived gap in time indicates any anomalous occurrence.

        Type 3.  patients recall a UFO and/or hominids but nothing else.
There is no sense of time lapse or dislocation.

        Type 4.  patients recall only a time lapse or dislocation.  No
UFO abduction scenario is recalled without the use of specific retrieval
techniques.

        Type 5.  patients recall noting relating to UFO or abduction
scenarios.  Instead they experience discrepant emotions ranging from
uneasy suspicions that "something happened to me" to intense,
ego-dystonic fears of specific locations, conditions or actions.  They
may also exhibit unexplained physical wounds and/or recurring dreams of
abduction scenario content which are not fixed in their experience as to
place and time. (15)

        Examination of the transcripts of hypnotic sessions which yield
abduction material reveals that although subjects are sufficiently
suggestible to enter the trance state as directed by the therapist, they
resist having material "injected" into their account.  They customarily
refuse to be "lead" or distracted by the therapist's attempts to change
either the focus or content of their report.  The subject
characteristically insists upon correcting errors or distortions
suggested or implied by the hypnotist during the session.  Hence it is
difficult to account for the similarities and concordances of these
scenarios through the mechanism of suggestibility when these subjects so
steadfastly refuse to be lead by
hypnotists.

        In fact, it is even more striking that while these patients feel
the material which they are producing both in and out of hypnosis as
experientially "real", nonetheless they frequently seek to discount or
explain away this bizarre and frightening material.  This remains true
even though sharing it regularly results in a significant remission of
anxiety-
related symptoms and discomfort.  These abduction scenarios are so
ego-alien that they have frequently not shared the material with anyone
at all or with only a highly select group of trusted intimates. In the
vast preponderance of cases patients are reluctant to allow themselves to
be publicly identified as having had these experiences since the perceive
that the abduction scenario is so highly anomalous that they expect to
experience ridicule and repudiation if they become associated with it
publicly.  It therefore functions like a guilty secret in the way that
rape has (and, unfortunately still does in some cases).

        After the material is produced and explored, these subjects often
experience a marked degree of relief.  This is true with reference both
to previously identified symptomatic behaviors and other anxiety
manifestations not noted on initial assessment.  These other symptoms may
remit after enhanced recall of the scenario and its details takes place.
 It is interesting to note that while the scenarios may contain a good
deal of highly
traumatic material specifically related to reproductive functioning,
these episodes are nearly uniformly free of subjective erotic charge when
either the manifest or latent contents are examined.

4.  POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER (PTSD) IN THE ABSENCE OF
EXTERNAL TRAUMA:

 PTSD was first described in the content of battle fatigue (16).
Although it may present in a wide variety of clinical guises (17) PTSD is
currently understood as a disorder which occurs in the context of
intolerable externally induced trauma which floods the victim with
anxiety and/or depression when his overwhelmed and paralyzed ego defenses
prove inadequate to the task of organizing unbearably stressful events.
In the service of the patient's urgent attempt to still the tides of
disorganizing anxiety, fear or guilt<18> which accompany the emergence of
cognitive, sensory or emotional recall of these traumatic events, the
trauma itself may be either partly or completely unavailable to conscious
recall. <19>...Both physical and psychological responses to the trauma
are profound and pervasive. PTSD follows overwhelming real-life trauma
and is not known to present as a
sequel to internally generated fantasy states.<20>

        This fourth area of discrepancy between predicted and observed
data is perhaps the most striking and challenging. Patients who produce
alien abduction material in the absence of psycopathology severe enough
to account for it often show the clinical picture of PTSD. This is
remarkable when one considers that it is possible that no traumatic event
occured except that rooted only in fantasy.  These trauma are, in large
measure, split off, denied and repressed as they are in other occurrences
of PTSD.

        As discussed above, these scenarios frequently appear in
individuals who are otherwise free of any indication of significant
emotional and psychological instability or pre-existing severe
psycopathology. On careful clinical assessment, these memories do not
appear to fill the intrapsychic niches usually occupied by psychotic or
psycho-neurotic formulations. The abduction scenarios do not encapsulate
or ward off unacceptable impulses, they do not define <or defend against>
split off affects, they are not used either
to stabilize or to divert current or archaic patterns of behavior nor do
they provide secondary gain or manipulative control for the individual.

        Instead, this material, experienced by the patient as unwelcome
and totally ego-dystonic, seems quite consistently to be woven into the
fabric of the patient's internal life only in terms of his reactive
response to the stress inherent in these experiences and the contents of
the repressed material related to the stressful memories.  But the extent
of this secondary response can be extensive.  It should be noted that
PTSD has not previously
been thought to occur following trauma which has been generated solely by
internally states.  If abduction scenarios are in fact fantasies, then
our understanding of PTSD need to be suitably broadened to account for
this heretofore unexpected correlation.

        In addition, there are significant clinical implications to the
finding of abduction scenario material in a patient who shows PTSD but is
otherwise free of significant psychopathology.  Since abduction scenario
material presents several crucial areas of anomaly and discrepancy
between what is known and that which is observed.  It is very important
for the therapist to refrain from the comfortable (for the therapist, at
least)
description of psychotic functioning to the patient who produces this
material until such disturbance is, in fact, demonstrated and
corroborated by the presence of other signs beside the UFO-related
material.  It is imperative for the therapist to adopt a non-judgemental
stance.  He can attend to the distress of the patient without attempting
to confirm or deny possibilities which are outside the specific area of
his expertise.  The clinician should adopt as his therapeutic priority
the alleviation of the PTSD symptomology through the use of appropriate
and acceptable methods specific to the
treatment of PTSD.  In addition, the therapist must remember that while
he may have strong convictions pro or con the abduction actually having
occurred, it is not within either his capability or expertise to make
such a judgement with total certainty.  Furthermore, as the clinical
psychologist who evaluated the nine abductees pointed out in her
addendum, the sophistication of the psychotherapies has not advanced to
the point at which this determination can be made on the basis of
currently available information (21), although the treatment of post
traumatic symptomology is currently understood.  Hence, it
is important for the therapist to retain the same non-judgemental and
helpful stance necessary to the successful treatment of any other
traumatic insult. When a therapist labels material as either unacceptable
or insane, the burden of the patient is increased.  If the therapist is
reacting out of prejudices which reflect his own closely-held beliefs
rather than his complete certainty, he unfairly increases the distress of
the patient.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS:

Although it has long been the "common wisdom" of both the professional
and lay communities that anyone claiming to be the victim of abduction by
UFO occupants must be seriously disturbed, thoroughly deluded or a liar,
careful examination of both the
reports and their reports calls this assumption into question. Clinical
and psychometric investigation of abductees reveals four areas of
discrepancy between the expected data and the observable phenomena and
suggests further investigation.  These discrepant areas are:

        1. ABSENCE OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY   An unexpected absence of severe
psychopathology coupled with the high level of functioning found in many
abductees is a perplexing and surprising finding. Psychometric evaluation
of nine abductees revealed a notable heterogeneity of psychological and
psychometric characteristics.  The major area of homogeneity was in the
absence of significant psychopathology.  Rather than consulting a subset
of the severely disturbed and psychotic population, there is clinical
evidence that at least some abductees are high functioning, healthy
individuals.  This interesting discrepancy requires further
investigation.

        2. CONCORDANCE OF REPORTS       Highly dissimilar people produce
strikingly similar accounts of abductions by UFO occupants.  The basic
scenarios are highly concordant in detail and events.  This is surprising
in in our fantasy material.


--
Chris Alexander
Founder, Extraterrestrial Anti-Defamation Organization (ETADO)
<http://www.ergonomica.com/amoon/ETADO.html>